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Kwame Nkrumah
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Kwame Nkrumah (September 21, 1909 – April 27, 1972) was an African anti-colonial leader, founder and first president of the modern Ghanaian state and one of the most influential Pan-Africanists of the 20th century.

Early life and education

He was born in Nkroful, Gold Coast (Ghana) as Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma. Educated at Achimota School, Accra and the Roman Catholic Seminary, Amisano, he taught at the Catholic school in Axim. In 1935 he left Africa for the USA, receiving a BA from Lincoln University, Pennsylvania in 1939. He also gained an MS in Education from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942 and a MA in Philosophy from the same place in 1943. While lecturing in Political Science at Lincoln he was elected president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada.

He arrived in London in 1945 intending to study at the LSE. But following a meeting with George Padmore he helped to organise the Sixth Pan-African Congress in Manchester, England. After that he began to work for the decolonisation of Africa and became Vice-President of West African Students Union.

Return to Africa

He returned to the Gold Coast in 1947 to join the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) under Joseph B. Danquah which invited him to become secretary of the new party. In February 1948 police fired upon a protest by African ex-servicemen who were protesting the rapidly rising cost of living. The shooting spurred a series of rioting in Accra, Kumasi and other towns. The government suspected the UGCC was behind the protests and therefore arrested Nkrumah and other leading members of the party. Upon his release from prison several months later he formed his own party - the Convention People's Party (CPP), with the motto 'Self-government now'. In 1949 Nkrumah left the UGCC and in December of 1949 he declared 'Positive Action' - mass action in the form of boycotts, strikes, and civil disobedience; and was again arrested by the British in January 1950.

Facing international protests and internal resistance the British decided to leave the Gold Coast. In 1951 Nkrumah won a seat in the Legislative Assembly while still in prison, the CPP won 34 out of 38 seats. He was released later from prison in February and the Governor Charles Arden-Clarke asked him to lead the new government in cooperation with the British to lead to independence, he agreed.

Independence

On March 6, 1957 Ghana was declared independent and Nkrumah now styled "Osagyefo" - which means "victorious leader" in the Akan language - accepted the role of Prime Minister. Ghana was declared a republic in 1960. Ghana became a charter member of the Organization of African Unity in 1963.

Politics

He generally took a Marxist perspective on economics, and believed capitalism's malign effects were going to stay with Africa for a long time. He argued that socialism was the system that would best accommodate the changes that capitalism had brought, while still respecting African values. He distanced himself from the African socialism of many of his contemporaries.

Economics

Nkrumah attempted to move Ghana’s economy toward a more industrial model. His reasoning was that moving Ghana out of the colonial trade system by reducing its dependence on foreign capital, technology, and material goods would allow it to become truly independent. Unfortunately, he moved to industrialization at the expense of his country’s cocoa growing sector, which had been a strong economic sector until then. In the end, the various economic projects that he undertook were generally unsuccessful and, especially in the case of the Volta Dam, hugely expensive. Neither did they remove Ghana from dependence on Western imports. By the time he was deposed, Ghana had gone from being one of the richest countries in Africa to one of the poorest.

Overthrow

Following an economic downturn, political conflict, an assassination attempt and general unrest, Nkrumah became increasingly dictatorial. He established Ghana as a one-party state with himself as Life President in 1964. Increasingly unpopular, on February 24, 1966, while Nkrumah was visiting Beijing and Hanoi, his government was overthrown in a military coup supported by covert American Intelligence forces.

Exile, death and memorial

Nkrumah never returned to Ghana, but he did continue to push for his vision of African unity. He lived in exile in Guinea but died while in Romania seeking medical treatment in April 1972. He was buried in Ghana in a tomb (still present) at the village of his birth, Nkroful, but his remains were later transferred to a large national memorial tomb and park in Accra.

Works by Kwame Nkrumah

* Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah (1957) ISBN 0901787604

* Africa Must Unite (1963) ISBN 0901787132

* African Personality (1963)

* Neo-Colonialism: the Last Stage of Imperialism (1965) ISBN 090178723X

* Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah (1967) ISBN 090178754X

* African Socialism Revisited (1967)

* Voice From Conakry (1967) ISBN 9017870273

* Handbook for Revolutionary Warfare (1968)

* Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for De-Colonisation (1970) ISBN 0901787116

* Class Struggle in Africa (1970) ISBN 0901787124

* The Struggle Continues (1973) ISBN 0901787418

* I Speak of Freedom (1973) ISBN 0901787140

* Revolutionary Path (1973) ISBN 0901787221